Saturday, 23 February 2013

ASSIGNMENT 2

MY TOPIC : EGOISM


What is the difference between psychological egoism and ethical egoism?

Egoism is generally the view that human wants are in some way relevant to what humans do.  Not long ago, ethical egoism was defended as a scientifically consistent moral position that cohered with the reality of psychological egoism in humans.  Because of the similarity and compatibility between these two views, they are often confused and used interchangeably.  There is a danger in this mistake, and it is important to recognize the differences between these positions so that the line between what humans do and what they should to do is maintained.  


First, we need to clarify the difference between these positions.  Psychological egoism is a descriptive view about what human motivation is like.  It states that humans act to fulfill their wants and desires.  If Jimmy eats a greasy fast-food meal, a ready explanation for this event is that he had a desire to do so, and acted to fulfill that desire.  This position is natural with regard to whether Jimmy’s actions are right, it simply seeks to explain why a person would be motivated to act in a particular way by connecting actions to wants and desires.


                  Ethical egoism is a normative position stating that humans ought to seek the fulfillment of their wants and desires.  If Jimmy wants to tell a lie in order to benefit in some way, ethical egoism states that this is the right thing for Jimmy to do.  The obvious criticism here is that many human wants are not morally desirable courses of action, but the ethical egoist will respond that if everyone followed ethical egoism, mutual self-interest creates a counter-balance against excessive wrongdoing.  Further, if psychological egoism is true, ethical egoism makes a lot of sense.


If psychological egoism is an accurate description of human behavior, the attraction of ethical egoism is obvious.  It is an ethical theory that is consistent with the human motivational structure, and with modern sciences.  It requires no heroic ethical restraint on our part, only a strong commitment to seeking our own ends.  It is a viewpoint that even the most self-interested person can get behind, and if psychological egoism is true, alternative moral viewpoints seem dangerously misguided. 



Although this apparent compatibility, we should be cautious in moving from psychological egoism to ethical egoism.  First, it is not clear that psychological egoism actually is true, and many philanthropic and other-directed behaviors seem to require radical reinterpretation in order to cohere with this explanatory model.  Further, even if psychological egoism were true, it’s not clear why what is the case has any bearing on what we should to do.  The fact that I am motivated to act in my own self-interest does not involve that I should to do so.  Perhaps this is simply an explanation of why it is hard to be ethical sometimes, rather than an endorsement of ethical egoism.  At a minimum, the shift from the descriptive to the normative requires justification, and simply pointing out what is the case is not sufficient argumentation.


The difference between ethical and psychological egoism leads to an important realization about ethics.  Doing the right thing is hard, and there are aspects of our own nature that lead us to sometimes struggle with doing what is right.  However, it is a mistake to respond to this challenge by rejecting the task of ethical conduct altogether, and that is essentially what ethical egoism endorses.  Being ethical means being able to set self-interest aside and think of others as legitimate moral agents with the same standing as your own.  Regardless of what human psychology might be, that is no excuse for ignoring the moral considerability of others. 

Friday, 22 February 2013

SEA CUCUMBER SOAP

Here is something that you have use for everyday. This is a special kind of soap that is enriched with high collagen, vitamins, and minerals from the sea cucumber and fruits.



NATURAL SEA CUCUMBER SOAP
RM 12



There are various of fruits that mixed with sea cucumber soap that you can get here.




MANGO SOAP
RM 15
Mixed with mango fruit.
For treating acne & for clearing clogged pores.




RED APPLE SOAP
RM 15
Mixed with red apple fruit.
Slow the aging process that caused rapid skin wrinkled.




STRAWBERRY SOAP
RM 15
Mixed with strawberry fruit.
To soft the skin & make the skin look brighter & prevent the occurrence of wrinkles.



MIX FRUIT SOAP
RM 15
Mixed with various fruit.
To soft and refresh skin.



VERY ATTRACTIVE SHAPE...
NO CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES......



Sunday, 3 February 2013

MY SUBJECT : BUSINESS ETHICS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

BUSINESS ETHICS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

The definition of business ethics...

       According to Andrew Crane business ethics is..........

"Business ethics is the study of business situations, activities, and decisions where issues of right and wrong are addressed."

      According to Raymond C. Baumhart business ethics is..........

"The ethics of business is the ethics of responsibility. The business man must promise that he will not harm knowingly."


Ethics is a branch of social science. It deals with moral principles and social values. It helps us to classify, what is good and what is bad? It tells us to do good things and avoid doing bad things.So, ethics separate, good and bad, right and wrong, fair and unfair, moral and immoral and proper and improper human action. In short, ethics means a code of conduct.

They must avoid involve in unfair trade practices like adulteration, promoting misleading advertisements, cheating in weights and measures, black marketing, etc. They must give fair wages and provide good working conditions to their workers. They must not exploit the workers. They must encourage competition in the market. They must protect the interest of small businessmen. They must avoid unfair competition. They must avoid monopolies. They must pay all their taxes regularly to the government.

Why business ethics is considered as "Oxymoron"?

Business ethics, it has been claimed, is an oxymoron by Collins in 1994. By an oxymoron, we mean the bringing together of two apparently contradictory concepts, such as in 'a cheerful pessimist' or 'a defining silence'.

The definition of corporate governance...

Corporate governance is the processes and structure by which business and affairs of corporate sector is directed and managed.